bureaucracy

名词 bureaucracy:

1. nonelective government officials
   同义词：bureaucratism
2. a government that is administered primarily by bureaus that are staffed with nonelective officials
3. any organization in which action is obstructed by insistence on unnecessary procedures and red tape

1. The bureaucracy has become ossified.
   官僚主义已变得僵化了。
2. The inertia of an entrenched bureaucracy.
   平稳的官僚机构内存在的惰性
3. The dead hand of bureaucracy is slowing our progress.
   官僚主义的流毒拖慢了我们的进步。
4. It was hard to understand all the minute gradations of their bureaucracy.
   很难弄清楚他们那套官僚体制全部细微的层次分别。

bu.reauc.ra.cy

n.（名词）
【复数】 bu.reauc.ra.cies

Administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with nonelected officials.
行政系统：主要通过有未经挑选的官员的政府机关局或处进行的行政管理
The departments and their officials as a group:
官僚：部门和其官员作为一整体的总称：
例句：
promised to reorganize the federal bureaucracy.
发誓整顿联邦官僚作风

Management or administration marked by diffusion of authority among numerous offices and adherence to inflexible rules of operation:
官僚主义：一种以在众多机构中拥有权威地位，并且固守着不变规则办事为特点的处理或管理：
例句：
.knew something about bureaucracy and those nameless, faceless forces that can crush the life`s blood from the individual.(Rollene W. Saal)
.了解一些关于官僚主义和那些无名的、无特征的，并能够将生命的原动力从个体中挤压出来的力量的情况.(罗里尼W.萨尔)

An administrative system in which the need or inclination to follow complex procedures impedes effective action:
官僚制度：一套行政制度，需要或倾向于一个复杂的过程从而阻碍有效行动的行政制度：
例句：
innovative ideas that get bogged down in red tape and bureaucracy.
陷入繁文缛节和官僚制度中的创新方法

来源：
French bureaucratie
法语 bureaucratie
bureau [office] * see bureau
bureau [办公室] *参见 bureau
-cratie [rule] from Old French * see -cracy
-cratie [规则，规章] 源自 古法语 *参见 -cracy