penalty

punishment, penalty

这两个名词均含“惩罚、处罚”之意。
punishment: 泛称，诸如法律、父母、老师以及神的施予的种种等。
penalty: 专指法律上的或体育运动比赛中的处罚。

名词 penalty:

1. the act of punishing
   同义词：punishment, penalization, penalisation
2. a payment required for not fulfilling a contract
3. the disadvantage or painful consequences of an action or condition
4. (games) a handicap or disadvantage that is imposed on a competitor (or a team) for an infraction of the rules of the game

1. He kicked a penalty goal in the football match.
   在这场足球赛中，他主罚，踢进了一个球。
2. The penalty clause was hidden in the small print.
   惩罚条款印在不起眼的小号字体部分。
3. One of the penalties of fame is loss of privacy.
   成名的弊端之一是失去了私人活动自由。
4. Liverpool were given a penalty when one of their opponents handled the ball.
   利物浦队因对方一队员用手触球而得到一个罚球。
5. One of the penalties of fame is that people point at you on the street.
   当了名人的麻烦之一是在街上被人指指点点。
6. She has paid the penalty for her crimes with five years in prison.
   她因犯罪受到惩罚被判刑五年。

pen.al.ty

n.（名词）
【复数】 pen.al.ties
A punishment established by law or authority for a crime or an offense.
惩罚，刑罚，处罚：由法律或权力当局制订的对罪犯或犯法行为的惩罚
Something, especially a sum of money, required as a forfeit for an offense.
罚金：尤指一笔钱等受处罚而交纳的东西
The disadvantage or painful consequences resulting from an action or a condition:
不利结果，损失：由于某种行为或状况而导致的不利或令人痛苦的结果：
例句：
neglected his health and paid the penalty.
他忽视身体健康而自食苦果

Sports A punishment, handicap, or loss of advantage imposed on a team or competitor for infraction of a rule.
【体育运动】 罚球，罚分，罚下场：体育比赛中对犯规的赛队或运动员所施加的惩罚、障碍或不利条件
Often penalties Games Points scored in contract bridge by the opponents when the declarer fails to make a bid.
常作 penalties 【游戏】 桥牌罚分：桥牌中因未能叫牌而被对方减的罚分
n.attributive.（定语名词）
Often used to modify another noun:
常用于修饰其它名词：
例句：
a penalty kick; a penalty stroke.
罚球，罚点球；罚击

来源：
Middle English penalte
中古英语 penalte
from Old French penalite
源自 古法语 penalite
from Medieval Latin poen3lit3s
源自 中世纪拉丁语 poen3lit3s
from Latin poen3lis [penal] * see penal
源自 拉丁语 poen3lis [惩罚的] *参见 penal