n.
a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another
同义词：replacement
an athlete who plays only when a starter on the team is replaced
同义词：reservesecond-stringer
someone who takes the place of another (as when things get dangerous or difficult)
同义词：stand-inreliefrelieverbackupbackup manfill-in
Bone substitutes: An update (citation)
Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement.
Guanxi: Connections as Substitutes for Formal Institutional Support
Multimarket Oligopoly: Strategic Substitutes and Complements
Job Matching, Coalition Formation, and Gross Substitutes.
Do formal contracts and relational governance function as substitutes or complements?
Accounting Numbers as Market Valuation Substitutes: A Study of Management Buyouts of Public Stockholders
Incidence and severity of anaphylactoid reactions to colloid volume substitutes.
Internal capabilities and external knowledge sources: complements or substitutes for innovative performance?
Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and or...
