vertical

vertical, perpendicular, upright, erect, plumb

这些形容词均有“垂直的、竖式的”之意。
vertical: 指与平面、水平线或基线成直角或几乎成直角向上延伸至顶点的物体。也可指呈直线上升或下降的。
perpendicular: 指与水平线形成90度的线或面，或朝垂直方面延伸的，尤指向下的急剧运动。
upright: 普通用词，指竖立、笔直而不是倾斜、倒塌的。
erect: 指笔直挺拔，而非倾斜、佝偻、弯曲或倒塌的。
plumb: 建筑上用词，凭锤球评判某物是否完全垂直。

名词 vertical:

1. something that is oriented vertically
2. a vertical structural member as a post or stake
   同义词：upright

形容词 vertical:

1. at right angles to the plane of the horizon or a base line
   同义词：perpendicular
2. relating to or involving all stages of a business from production to distribution
3. upright in position or posture
   同义词：erect, upright
4. of or relating to different levels in a hierarchy (as levels of social class or income group)

1. At right angles to a vertical line.
   横的与垂直线成90度角的
2. An apparatus used for hoisting weights, consisting of a vertical spool-shaped cylinder that is rotated manually or by machine and around which a cable is wound.
   绞盘，卷扬机一种用于吊起重物的装置。该装置包括一垂直的线轴形圆筒，由人力或机器使之旋转，在其周围绕有钢丝绳
3. The vertical line meets the horizontal one here.
   垂直线与水平线在此相交。
4. The northern face of the mountain is almost vertical.
   这座山向北的一面几乎是垂直的。

ver.ti.cal

adj.Abbr. vert.（形容词）缩写 vert.
Being or situated at right angles to the horizon; upright.
垂直的：与水平面成或处于直角的；竖立的
Situated at the vertex or highest point; directly overhead.
顶点的：在顶点或者最高点的；头的正上方的
Anatomy Of or relating to the vertex of the head.
【解剖学】 头颅顶的：属于头顶的或与其相关的
Economics Relating to or involving all stages from production to sale:
【经济学】 纵向联合的，垂直合并的：包括从生产到销售全部过程的：
例句：
vertical integration.
包括从生产到销售各个阶段的纵向联合

Relating to or composed of elements at different levels, as of society.
合成的，统合的：包括社会中各种不同成次人的
n.（名词）
Something vertical, as a line, plane, or circle.
垂直物：垂直的东西，比如垂直线，垂直面或垂直圆
A vertical position.
垂直的位置

来源：
Late Latin vertic3lis [overhead]
后期拉丁语 vertic3lis [头顶上]
from Latin vertex vertic- [highest point] * see vertex
源自 拉丁语 vertex vertic- [最高点] *参见 vertex

【引伸】
ver.tical.ity
ver.tically
adv.（副词）
<参考词汇><同义词>vertical,upright,perpendicular,plumbThese adjectives are compared as they mean being at or approximately at right angles to the horizon or to level ground.
这些形容词在它们表达与水平面成或者几乎成直角时才互相比较。
Vertical and especiallyupright are often used to signify contrast with what is horizontal; the terms do not always imply an exact right angle:
Vertical 和特别是upright 经常用来表达与水平相比； 这些词并不总是指确切的直角：
例句：
wallpaper with vertical stripes;
带有立式条纹的墙纸；

例句：
an upright column.
竖直的柱子。

Perpendicular andplumb are generally used to specify an angle of precisely 90 degrees:
Perpendicular 和plumb 一般用来指确是90度的角度：
例句：
a perpendicular escarpment;
垂直的峭壁；

例句：
careful to make the doorjambs plumb.
小心让门框保持垂直